1001 Bites: The road to a successful malaria vaccine

The public health world has been abuzz recently with the results of the Phase I clinical trial of a malaria vaccine that proved 100% effective in protecting vaccinated people against Plasmodium falciparum infection when they were bitten by infected mosquitoes [1, 2]. P. falciparum is the species of malaria parasite that causes the most severe cases of disease – multiplying quickly in the blood and … Continue reading 1001 Bites: The road to a successful malaria vaccine

Prions: Friend or foe?

In 1996, the British government announced that ten suspected cases of Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD), a degenerative brain disorder, were caused by the consumption of beef products that harbor mad cow disease [1]. This news not only prompted the EU and Japan to institute a ban on British beef products, but also redirected the attention of the scientific community to the bizarre infectious agent responsible for … Continue reading Prions: Friend or foe?

Allergies and the Modern World

Presented by Dan Dwyer Most of the time our immune system protects us from the outside world. Occasionally, it tries to protect us from things like pollen and peanuts instead, a process that we call allergy. The allergic response involves several specialized types of white blood cells acting together. For some this is a minor inconvenience, while for others it can lead to a life … Continue reading Allergies and the Modern World

Could a hidden allergy be causing your migraines?

Do you get headaches often? Do they interfere with your life? Repeated headaches and migraines have a significant effect on quality-of-life and productivity at the personal level. Collectively migraines and other associated symptoms cost the US economy over ten billion dollars per year [1], with an estimated 10% to 15% of the population, mostly women, suffering from repeated migraines [2]. If you’ve ever tried to … Continue reading Could a hidden allergy be causing your migraines?

Racing CARs against Cancer

You may have recently heard about cases of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) being cured in a few adults and children using a new type of cell therapy [1]. In these studies, scientists took a patient’s own immune cells, altered their genetic material so that these cells would attack the leukemia, then put the modified immune cells back into the patient. The immune cells used in … Continue reading Racing CARs against Cancer

SARS: Past and Present

— With increased air travel, the emergence of infectious diseases anywhere in the world is a global concern. A recent outbreak garnering attention is the emergence of a SARS-like virus in the United Kingdom. Many symptoms of this new virus, including cough, headache, and muscle ache, are shared with other more common illnesses. However the symptoms that inspired its name are less general: a fever of over 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38.0 degrees Celsius) and difficult, abnormal breathing. SARS is as an acronym for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and is caused by a cell-infiltration machine: a virus. The precise source of the new virus and its mode of transmission are still unknown, but some believe that it may be transmitted from animals due to its similarity to a known bat virus. Viruses that affect animals can occasionally be transferred to humans that come in contact with an infected animal, and this transmission of a pathogen from an animal to a human is known as zoonosis. Some common zoonotic diseases are Rabies, Malaria, Yellow Fever, and West Nile. The original SARS virus is thought to have originated in civet cats and then transferred to humans. Continue reading SARS: Past and Present

Wound Healing and the Immune System

— You’re walking on the sidewalk and you come across a patch of ice. You don’t see it coming, so you lose your balance and fall hard on the ground with your elbow bearing the brunt of the impact. Although you get right back up, a tremendous bleeding scrape on your elbow remains – an unwanted “souvenir” from the dastardly ice patch. With, some quick first-aid, you patch the wound to prevent infection, and about two to three weeks later you forget about the scrape as it resolves itself. A puzzling question from this common scenario is how does this wound (or any wound for that matter) heal? The answer is that it involves a complex process that is not completely understood. This process coordinates numerous types of cells (originating from various locations in the body) to affect the healing response. In this article we’ll delve a little deeper into what’s known about this amazing process, focusing specifically on skin and how the immune system is involved in wound sterilization and tissue repair. Continue reading Wound Healing and the Immune System

The Immunology of Pregnancy

— Are you the oldest sibling? Take note – there may be a reason why your mother prefers your younger siblings to you… at least in one sense. Chances are, your mother’s later pregnancies were easier than her first one. This is supported by new research from the laboratory of Sing Sing Way at Cincinatti Children’s Hospital Medical Center, which adds to a growing body of work linking a decrease in pregnancy-associated complications to improved suppression of the maternal immune system during pregnancy. Continue reading The Immunology of Pregnancy

Silk-Stabilized Vaccines and Antibiotics: Ending the “Cold Chain”

— Most of us have probably received vaccines and antibiotics at some point in our lives, and while they may have seemed to work like magic at the time, medical professionals’ precise understanding of the drugs’ mechanisms of action enables their use as the primary tools for fighting infection. Vaccines are made out of pieces of “dead” viruses or bacteria, and when administered, these particles train the body to recognize and attack similar foreign invaders.[] Medical personnel typically administer vaccines to patients in at-risk populations as preventive measures against viral infections, such as the measles, the mumps, and rubella (recall the dreaded MMR shot). Conversely, medical personnel turn to antibiotics to fight a bacterial infection once it has already begun. Antibiotics are typically composed of much smaller molecules than are vaccines.[] These small molecules directly attack bacteria, interfering with cellular processes the bacteria needs to grow and reproduce (and cause a nasty infection). Continue reading Silk-Stabilized Vaccines and Antibiotics: Ending the “Cold Chain”