by Sylvia Hurlimann
figures by Hannah Zucker
When we think of kelp, we conjure up images of magical underwater forests. Recent research, however, suggests that in addition to creating beautiful habitats, macroalgae such as kelp play a large role reducing the effects of global warming. Kelp has an incredibly fast growth rate (up to two feet per day) and exports a large portion of its biomass out into the deep sea, allowing kelp to permanently remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will play a necessary role in preventing rising temperatures and future climate catastrophe.
Sequestering greenhouse gases
As the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide rise at unprecedented rates, people are focused on decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide we put into the air. While the most effective way of doing this is by reducing carbon emissions, experts increasingly think that this will not be enough. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the leading international body on climate change, we need to actively remove or sequester away carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to achieve negative carbon emissions and prevent climate catastrophe. By 2050, we should plan to have net zero emissions, meaning that all carbon emissions need to be balanced by carbon removal.
One way to sequester carbon dioxide is using biology. When plants such as trees photosynthesize and grow, carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and converted into biomass, such as a branch or leaf on a growing tree. Although trees store carbon, this storage is vulnerable since deforestation or forest degradation release this carbon back into the atmosphere, undoing the benefits. When thinking about carbon sequestration, we need to focus on permanent solutions.
Coastal ecosystems sequester away surprisingly large amounts of carbon – they can sequester up to 20 times more carbon per acre than land forests. Marine plants that contribute to this carbon sequestration, such as mangroves and seagrass, live in rich soil. When these plants die, some of the leaves, branches, roots, and stems get buried underwater in the soil – and because of low oxygen concentrations underwater, the plant material can stay buried for decades or longer before breaking down and releasing carbon dioxide. Unfortunately, because the carbon is stored close to the shore, it can be easily disturbed by runoff, human activity, or storms and released back into the atmosphere sooner than it otherwise might have.
What makes macroalgae so special?
Unlike mangroves and seagrass, macroalgae such as kelp usually grow near the shore in rocky and eroding conditions where plant materials cannot get buried. Instead, bits of macroalgae get exported to the deep sea, where the carbon can be sequestered. Because the carbon from macroalgae is stored far away from the shore, it is less likely to be disturbed and returned to the atmosphere.
In addition to leaf-like structures and roots that we are generally familiar with, macroalgae have gas-filled bladders that help them float towards the surface where they receives more sunlight for photosynthesis (Figure 1). These gas-filled bladders allow bits of macroalgae to float for long distances and be carried far away from where the macroalgae is grown. Because they contain unpalatable compounds, macroalgae remain mostly uneaten as they travels across the ocean. Eventually, the air bladders burst and the macroalgae sink down towards the deep-sea floor, where the carbon is thought to be sequestered away from the atmosphere for centuries (and potentially up to millions of years).
From macroalgae found in the guts of deep-sea crustaceans, we have inferred for decades that macroalgae travel far from where they are grown and make their way to depths of over 6000 meters under water. The importance of macroalgae in sequestering away carbon has been overlooked until recently, however, because it is difficult to precisely measure how much carbon is sequestered and exported to the deep sea.
Research estimates of carbon sequestration by macroalgae
A paper published in 2016 in Nature Geosciences compiled data from previous studies in order to provide an estimate of how much atmospheric carbon is being removed by macroalgae. Their rough estimate suggests that around 200 million tons of carbon dioxide are being sequestered by macroalgae every year – about as much as the annual emissions of the state of New York.
These estimations, however, rely on indirect calculations. To improve the numbers on how much carbon is being sequestered by macroalgae, we need to be able to measure how much macroalgae ends up in the deep-sea. As macroalgae slowly degrade, they expel bits of DNA into the environment. Research groups are planning on experimentally measuring how much macroalgae gets buried each year by taking samples from the deep-sea and measuring the amount of macroalgal DNA.
Although carbon sequestration is necessary to slow climate change, carbon sequestration alone cannot prevent climate catastrophe unless we reduce our use of fossil fuels. Studies like this, however, highlight the importance of protecting valuable marine ecosystems such as kelp forests from environmental damage. As we decrease our use of fossil fuels, carbon sinks such as kelp forests will play a key role in getting us to net zero emissions.
Sylvia Hurlimann is a third-year graduate student in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University.
Hannah Zucker is a second-year PhD candidate in the Program in Neuroscience at Harvard University.
For more information:
- To read about carbon sequestration, check out this article.
- To learn more about the role of other marine ecosystems in sequestering carbon, read this article.
- Here is a piece about the role of macroalgae in carbon sequestration.
Winter storms rip out dying kelp stipes , blades, and holdfasts and deposit sizeable deposits on beaches up and down coastlines. Over the winter months, these decaying masses are consumed by sandfleas , sandfly larvae, crabs, and other detritus feeders, which are eaten by killdeer and other shoreline feeders, so the breakdown products are spread shoreward, as well as being washed back into the shallow shorelines, enriching them for kelp regrowth the following spring season. We need to have some studies which show how carbon is mobilized in these circumstances, as well as by burial in deep sea environments. The diagram is overly simplistic.
Hi, I’m trying to find the source for this statistic: “Coastal ecosystems…can sequester up to 20 times more carbon per acre than land forests.” Could you please share the study? Thank you.
I wish I’d been able to find a “contact” that didn’t post what I have to say. I
Re: the paragraph “In addition to leaf-like structures and roots that we are generally familiar with, macroalgae have gas-filled bladders that help them float towards the surface where they receives more sunlight for photosynthesis (Figure 1).”
Please check your verb tense for the word “receives.”
Have you read “Why Kelp won’t help global warming” on The Conversation? The article hypothesizes that increased kelp beds would foster an increase in the critters that feed on the kelp. Those critters exhale CO2 and might offset any decrease in the CO2. Is there evidence that once kelp die or are carried to the ocean depths (as in the Running Tide model) that the kelp will stay down at depth?
I love the idea that floating kelp beds could impact global warming (assuming no purple urchins to eat hold fasts up on floating sites), but we need to be sure we are not doing more damage that good with what looks like a good solution.
I find it VERY interteing that the Kelp grows so quickly and is so much mire effective than land based plants on the removal of carbon dioxide.
Hi, I am running an experiment in school to see if kelp is really efficient and can “save” coral. What is the best kelp/seaweed to do this for/with?
thx,
Sam
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